Effect of high-intensity interval training on metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to assess the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on metabolic parameters and body composition in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE (via Ovid), PubMed, Sport Discus, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar (advanced feature) up to September 2020. Two authors independently screened citations and determined the risk of bias and quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects model. RESULTS: Seven trials (n = 423) were included in the systematic review. The studies included HIIT interventions vs. moderate exercise or control groups. Most studies were small (average 32, range 24-110 participants) and of relatively short duration (10-16 weeks). The training intensity was performed between 90% and 95% of the maximum heart rate, three times a week, for at least 10 weeks. Insulin resistance, measured using homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body mass index (BMI) showed a significant decrease (MD -0.57; 95% CI, -0.98 to -0.16, p = 0.01), (MD -1.90, 95% CI -3.37, -0.42, p = 0.01) with moderate and high certainty of evidence, respectively. CONCLUSION: Results support that HIIT alone is effective for reducing HOMA-IR and BMI in women with PCOS. However, evidence is limited to discern the effect of HIIT on other outcomes. Future studies with a longer duration (> 16 weeks), larger sample sizes and other outcomes are needed.

Recommendations for the Use of Testosterone in Male Transgender.

Gender incongruence is defined as a condition in which an individual self-identifies and desires to have physical characteristics and social roles that connote the opposite biological sex. Gender dysphoria is when an individual displays the anxiety and/or depression disorders that result from the incongruity between the gender identity and the biological sex. The gender affirmation process must be performed by a multidisciplinary team. The main goal of the hormone treatment is to start the development of male physical characteristics by means of testosterone administration that may be offered to transgender men who are 18 years old or over. The use of testosterone is usually well tolerated and improves the quality of life. However, there is still lack of evidence regarding the effects and risks of the long-term use of this hormone. Many different pharmacological formulations have been used in the transsexualization process. The most commonly used formulation is the intramuscular testosterone esters in a short-term release injection, followed by testosterone cypionate or testosterone enanthate. In the majority of testosterone therapy protocols, the male physical characteristics can be seen in almost all users after 6 months of therapy, and the maximum virilization effects are usually achieved after 3 to 5 years of regular use of the hormone. To minimize risks, plasmatic testosterone levels should be kept within male physiological ranges (300 to 1,000 ng/dl) during hormonal treatment. It is recommended that transgender men under androgen therapy be monitored every 3 months during the 1st year of treatment and then, every 6 to 12 months.

Incongruência de gênero é uma condição na qual o indivíduo se identifica, deseja viver e ser aceito como uma pessoa do gênero oposto ao designado por ocasião do nascimento. Na disforia de gênero o indivíduo manifesta ansiedade e sofrimento pelo desejo de viver e ser aceito como uma pessoa do gênero oposto ao designado ao nascimento. O processo transsexualizador requer trabalho em equipe multiprofissional. O objetivo do tratamento hormonal é induzir o aparecimento de características sexuais masculinas secundárias por meio da administração da testosterona em indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. O tratamento de estimulação androgênica costuma ser bem tolerado. Entretanto, ainda não existem evidências sobre os efeitos e riscos do uso da testosterona a longo prazo. Diferentes preparações farmacológicas da testosterona têm sido utilizadas. As mais utilizadas têm sido as injeções intramusculares de administração a curto prazo de ésteres, seguidas do cipionato de testosterona e do enantato de testosterona. Na maioria dos protocolos de tratamento observa-se o aparecimento de características corporais masculinas nos primeiros 6 meses, e a obtenção do máximo efeito da estimulação androgênica, após 3 a 5 anos de uso regular da testosterona. Recomenda-se a manutenção dos níveis plasmáticos de testosterona dentro dos limites fisiológicos para o sexo masculino (300 a 1.000 ng/dl), a fim de minimizar os riscos. A monitorização dos homens transgênero é recomendada a cada 3 meses durante o primeiro ano de tratamento e a seguir, a cada 6 a 12 meses.

Assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms in different stages of menopause.

[Purpose] To assess lower urinary tract symptoms in different stages of menopause and the quality of life of females with incontinence. [Subjects and Methods] The sample consisted of 302 females, aged between 40 and 56 years, divided into three groups: PRE (n= 81), PERI (n= 108) and POST (n= 113). This was a cross-sectional, analytical, observational study. Data were collected by assessment chart and conducting the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. [Results] Most of the women had less than 10 years of schooling and were married. In PERI and POST menopause, the most frequent lower urinary tract symptoms were urinary urgency and stress incontinence. The PRE group did not exhibit nocturia, urge incontinence or urinary urgency, and had the lowest symptoms frequency. In the three stages, stress incontinence was the most prevalent symptom. Of the three menopause stages, PERI had a greater impact on urinary incontinence according to the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire. [Conclusion] The presence of lower urinary tract symptoms can vary across the different stages of menopause and the urinary incontinence was the most frequent complaint. Moreover, it was observed that quality of life was more affected in the perimenopause stage.

Ultrasound findings of the physiological changes and most common breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation / Achados ultrassonográficos das alterações fisiológicas e doenças mamárias mais frequentes durante a gravidez e lactação

Abstract Because of the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, diagnostic ultrasound of the breast during these periods is a challenge for physicians. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of imaging, anatomy, and physiology of the breast is important to effectively diagnosing diseases that can arise in women who are pregnancy or lactating. The aim of this article was to review the physiological changes that occur in the breasts during pregnancy and lactation, as well as to describe the main features of the breast diseases that occur most frequently during these periods.

Resumo O diagnóstico ultrassonográfico das mamas durante a gravidez e lactação representa um desafio para o médico, em função das alterações fisiológicas próprias destes períodos. Para tanto, é essencial uma compreensão das imagens, da anatomia e da fisiologia mamárias para diagnosticar mais eficazmente doenças concomitantes. O presente artigo teve como objetivo fazer uma revisão das alterações fisiológicas que ocorrem nas mamas durante a gravidez e lactação, bem como relatar as principais características ultrassonográficas das doenças mamárias mais frequentes nestes períodos.

Ultrasound findings of the physiological changes and most common breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation.

Because of the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, diagnostic ultrasound of the breast during these periods is a challenge for physicians. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of imaging, anatomy, and physiology of the breast is important to effectively diagnosing diseases that can arise in women who are pregnancy or lactating. The aim of this article was to review the physiological changes that occur in the breasts during pregnancy and lactation, as well as to describe the main features of the breast diseases that occur most frequently during these periods.

O diagnóstico ultrassonográfico das mamas durante a gravidez e lactação representa um desafio para o médico, em função das alterações fisiológicas próprias destes períodos. Para tanto, é essencial uma compreensão das imagens, da anatomia e da fisiologia mamárias para diagnosticar mais eficazmente doenças concomitantes. O presente artigo teve como objetivo fazer uma revisão das alterações fisiológicas que ocorrem nas mamas durante a gravidez e lactação, bem como relatar as principais características ultrassonográficas das doenças mamárias mais frequentes nestes períodos.

Características ultrassonográficas mamárias e índices hemodinâmicos das artérias mamárias internas durante a gravidez normal / Breast ultrasonographic features and internal mammary artery hemodynamic indexes during normal pregnancy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características ultrassonográficas mamárias e os índices hemodinâmicos das artérias mamárias internas em grávidas normais, correlacionando-os com os períodos da gestação.MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico, observacional e transversal, realizado entre agosto de 2013 e fevereiro de 2015, com 93 mulheres distribuídas em três grupos: primeiro trimestre, segundo trimestre e terceiro trimestre. As variáveis dependentes foram as espessuras da pele, do tecido celular subcutâneo, do tecido fibroglandular, do tecido adiposo retromamário, o diâmetro dos ductos, assim como os índices de pulsatilidade e resistência das artérias mamárias internas. As variáveis independentes foram os três períodos da gestação. Para a análise estatística, empregou-se o teste de Levene (variâncias uniformes entre os períodos da gestação), o teste ANOVA com medidas repetidas, o teste de Tukey de comparação múltipla e de contraste. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para avaliar a diferença entre nulíparas e não nulíparas, e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para a correlação entre as duas mamas. Foi considerado o nível de significância de 5%.RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 26,6±4,6 anos, a qual não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. A localização da mama (direita/esquerda) e o período gestacional não tiveram efeito significativo sobre as espessuras mamárias da pele, tecido celular subcutâneo e tecido adiposo retromamário, porém a espessura do tecido fibroglandular e o diâmetro dos ductos apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao período gestacional (p<0,001) do primeiro para o terceiro e do segundo para o terceiro trimestres. A dopplerfluxometria das artérias mamárias internas revelou diferença entre as mamas e o período gestacional, ou seja, o lado direito apresentou medidas superiores ao lado esquerdo, e os valores foram decrescentes ao longo da gestação (p<0,001).CONCLUSÃO: A espessura média de tecido fibroglandular e o diâmetro dos ductos mostraram diferenças significativas do primeiro para o segundo e do primeiro para o terceiro trimestre, não sendo observadas diferenças entre as duas mamas. O índice de pulsatilidade e o índice de resistência das artérias mamárias internas foram progressivamente menores durante a gravidez.

PURPOSE: To evaluate breast ultrasonographic features and hemodynamic indexes of the internal mammary arteries in normal pregnant women, and their correlation with the gestational periods.METHODS: Observational and cross-sectional, epidemiological, study, conducted between August 2013 and February 2015, with 93 women divided into three groups: first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. The dependent variables were thickness of the skin, of subcutaneous tissue, fibroglandular tissue, and retrommamary adipose tissue, the diameter of the ducts, as well as the pulsatility and resistance indexes of the internal mammary arteries. Independent variables were the three periods of gestation. Repeated measures ANOVA with the multiple comparison Tukey test and a test of contrasts were used for statistical analysis. The Levene test was used to test the homogeneity of variances between periods of gestation. Student's t-test was used to evaluate the difference between nulliparous and non -nulliparous women, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis between the two breasts. The level of significance was set at 5%.RESULTS: Mean age was 26.6±4.6 years, with no significant difference among groups. Breast location (right/left) and gestational period had no significant effect on the thickness of the skin, of subcutaneous tissue and adipose retromammary tissue. However, the thickness of fibroglandular tissue and the diameter of the ducts showed a significant difference according to gestational period (p<0.001), i.e., from the first to the second and to the third trimesters. Doppler flowmetry of the internal mammary arteries showed a difference between breasts and between gestational periods, i.e., the measurements of the right breast were greater than those of the left, and these values decreased throughout pregnancy (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: The average thickness of fibroglandular tissue and the diameter of the ducts showed significant differences from the first to the second and to the third trimesters, with no differences being observed between the two breasts. The pulsatility and resistance indexes of the internal mammary arteries decreased progressively throughout pregnancy.

[Strategies for development, follow-up, and assessment of care provided to women in the pregnancy-postnatal cycle]. / Estratégias de desenvolvimento, acompanhamento e avaliação do atendimento da gestante no ciclo gravídico-puerperal.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of a questionnaire for assessment of prenatal, birth, and postnatal care (Inventário de Avaliação da Assistência ao Pré-natal, Parto e Puerpério, IAAPPP), which was designed taking into consideration the experience of users of a public obstetric service. METHODS: This mixed methods research was performed in the city of Caicó, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The study consisted of two phases: in phase 1, focal groups were organized with 19 users of the health care system for identification of relevant issues for assessment of the pregnancy-postnatal cycle. The first draft of the questionnaire was also designed and tested for validity with seven of the 19 focal group participants; a second draft was produced and retested. In phase 2, the intra-class correlation coefficient was calculated to determine reproducibility. A pilot test was carried out to determine the applicability of the survey and the final version of the IAAPPP was developed. RESULTS: Based on the focal group discussions, the inventory was organized into four domains: 1) socioeconomic information, 2) obstetric history, 3) description of current obstetric experience and 4) assessment of follow-up. Domains 3 and 4 were subdivided into prenatal care, birthcare, postnatal care, and pregnancy-postnatal cycle. The answers of the women who evaluated the instrument for domain 4 were strongly correlated (>0.8), indicating reproducibility of the IAAPPP. CONCLUSIONS: The methodological model allowed us to identify needs and demands of women in the pregnancy-postnatal cycle, and allowed us to design a questionnaire that can be applied to other regions with similar sociocultural characteristics.

[Breast ultrasonographic features and internal mammary artery hemodynamic indexes during normal pregnancy]. / Características ultrassonográficas mamárias e índices hemodinâmicos das artérias mamárias internas durante a gravidez normal.

PURPOSE: To evaluate breast ultrasonographic features and hemodynamic indexes of the internal mammary arteries in normal pregnant women, and their correlation with the gestational periods. METHODS: Observational and cross-sectional, epidemiological, study, conducted between August 2013 and February 2015, with 93 women divided into three groups: first trimester, second trimester and third trimester. The dependent variables were thickness of the skin, of subcutaneous tissue, fibroglandular tissue, and retrommamary adipose tissue, the diameter of the ducts, as well as the pulsatility and resistance indexes of the internal mammary arteries. Independent variables were the three periods of gestation. Repeated measures ANOVA with the multiple comparison Tukey test and a test of contrasts were used for statistical analysis. The Levene test was used to test the homogeneity of variances between periods of gestation. Student's t-test was used to evaluate the difference between nulliparous and non -nulliparous women, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis between the two breasts. The level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Mean age was 26.6±4.6 years, with no significant difference among groups. Breast location (right/left) and gestational period had no significant effect on the thickness of the skin, of subcutaneous tissue and adipose retromammary tissue. However, the thickness of fibroglandular tissue and the diameter of the ducts showed a significant difference according to gestational period (p<0.001), i.e., from the first to the second and to the third trimesters. Doppler flowmetry of the internal mammary arteries showed a difference between breasts and between gestational periods, i.e., the measurements of the right breast were greater than those of the left, and these values decreased throughout pregnancy (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The average thickness of fibroglandular tissue and the diameter of the ducts showed significant differences from the first to the second and to the third trimesters, with no differences being observed between the two breasts. The pulsatility and resistance indexes of the internal mammary arteries decreased progressively throughout pregnancy.

Estratégias de desenvolvimento, acompanhamento e avaliação do atendimento da gestante no ciclo gravídico-puerperal

Objetivo. Descrever o desenvolvimento do Inventário de Avaliação da Assistência ao Pré-natal, Parto e Puerpério (IAAPPP), elaborado com base na experiência de usuárias do serviço obstétrico público de saúde. Métodos. Esta pesquisa de métodos mistos foi realizada no município de Caicó, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. O estudo consistiu de duas fases: na fase 1, foram realizados grupos focais com 19 usuárias do sistema de saúde para levantamento de questões relevantes para avaliação do atendimento do ciclo gravídico-puerperal. Além disso, foi elaborada a primeira versão do instrumento, com validação do conteúdo mediante aplicação do questionário a sete das 19 participantes dos grupos focais; a segunda versão do instrumento foi então elaborada e retestada. Na fase 2 realizaram-se o cálculo do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para determinar a reprodutibilidade do instrumento, um teste piloto para determinar a aplicabilidade do instrumento e a elaboração da versão final. Resultados. A partir das discussões realizadas nos grupos focais, o instrumento foi organizado em quatro domínios: 1) informações socioeconômicas, 2) histórico obstétrico, 3) caracterização da experiência obstétrica atual e 4) avaliação do acompanhamento. Os domínios 3 e 4 foram subdivididos nas dimensões pré-natal, parto, puerpério e ciclo gravídico puerperal. As respostas das mulheres que avaliaram o instrumento para o domínio 4 apresentaram correlação forte (> 0,8), demonstrando a reprodutibilidade do IAAPPP. Conclusões. O modelo metodológico permitiu identificar necessidades e demandas das mulheres que vivenciaram o ciclo gravídico-puerperal, produzindo um questionário que pode ser aplicado em outras regiões com características socioculturais semelhantes.

Objective. To describe the development of a questionnaire for assessment of prenatal, birth, and postnatal care (Inventário de Avaliação da Assistência ao Pré-natal, Parto e Puerpério, IAAPPP), which was designed taking into consideration the experience of users of a public obstetric service. Methods. This mixed methods research was performed in the city of Caicó, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The study consisted of two phases: in phase 1, focal groups were organized with 19 users of the health care system for identification of relevant issues for assessment of the pregnancy-postnatal cycle. The first draft of the questionnaire was also designed and tested for validity with seven of the 19 focal group participants; a second draft was produced and retested. In phase 2, the intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to determine reproducibility. A pilot test was carried out to determine the applicability of the survey and the final version of the IAAPPP was developed. Results. Based on the focal group discussions, the inventory was organized into four domains: 1) socioeconomic information, 2) obstetric history, 3) description of current obstetric experience and 4) assessment of follow-up. Domains 3 and 4 were subdivided into prenatal care, birthcare, postnatal care, and pregnancy-postnatal cycle. The answers of the women who evaluated the instrument for domain 4 were strongly correlated (>0.8), indicating reproducibility of the IAAPPP. Conclusions. The methodological model allowed us to identify needs and demands of women in the pregnancy-postnatal cycle, and allowed us to design a questionnaire that can be applied to other regions with similar sociocultural characteristics.

Estratégias de desenvolvimento, acompanhamento e avaliação do atendimento da gestante no ciclo gravídico-puerperal / Strategies for development, follow-up, and assessment of care provided to women in the pregnancy-postnatal cycle

OBJETIVO: Descrever o desenvolvimento do Inventário de Avaliação da Assistência ao Prénatal, Parto e Puerpério (IAAPPP), elaborado com base na experiência de usuárias do serviço obstétrico público de saúde. MÉTODOS: Esta pesquisa de métodos mistos foi realizada no município de Caicó, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. O estudo consistiu de duas fases: na fase 1, foram realizados grupos focais com 19 usuárias do sistema de saúde para levantamento de questões relevantes para avaliação do atendimento do ciclo gravídico-puerperal. Além disso, foi elaborada a primeira versão do instrumento, com validação do conteúdo mediante aplicação do questionário a sete das 19 participantes dos grupos focais; a segunda versão do instrumento foi então elaborada e retestada. Na fase 2 realizaram-se o cálculo do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para determinar a reprodutibilidade do instrumento, um teste piloto para determinar a aplicabilidade do instrumento e a elaboração da versão final. RESULTADOS: A partir das discussões realizadas nos grupos focais, o instrumento foi organizado em quatro domínios: 1) informações socioeconómicas, 2) histórico obstétrico, 3) caracterização da experiência obstétrica atual e 4) avaliação do acompanhamento. Os domínios 3 e 4 foram subdivididos nas dimensões pré-natal, parto, puerpério e ciclo gravídico puerperal. As respostas das mulheres que avaliaram o instrumento para o domínio 4 apresentaram correlação forte (> 0,8), demonstrando a reprodutibilidade do IAAPPP. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo metodológico permitiu identificar necessidades e demandas das mulheres que vivenciaram o ciclo gravídico-puerperal, produzindo um questionário que pode ser aplicado em outras regiões com características socioculturais semelhantes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of a questionnaire for assessment of prenatal, birth, and postnatal care (Inventário de Avaliação da Assistência ao Pré-natal, Parto e Puerpério, IAAPPP), which was designed taking into consideration the experience of users of a public obstetric service. METHODS: This mixed methods research was performed in the city of Caicó, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The study consisted of two phases: in phase 1, focal groups were organized with 19 users of the health care system for identification of relevant issues for assessment of the pregnancy-postnatal cycle. The first draft of the questionnaire was also designed and tested for validity with seven of the 19 focal group participants; a second draft was produced and retested. In phase 2, the intra-class correlation coefficient was calculated to determine reproducibility. A pilot test was carried out to determine the applicability of the survey and the final version of the IAAPPP was developed. RESULTS: Based on the focal group discussions, the inventory was organized into four domains: 1) socioeconomic information, 2) obstetric history, 3) description of current obstetric experience and 4) assessment of follow-up. Domains 3 and 4 were subdivided into prenatal care, birthcare, postnatal care, and pregnancy-postnatal cycle. The answers of the women who evaluated the instrument for domain 4 were strongly correlated (>0.8), indicating reproducibility of the IAAPPP. CONCLUSIONS: The methodological model allowed us to identify needs and demands of women in the pregnancy-postnatal cycle, and allowed us to design a questionnaire that can be applied to other regions with similar sociocultural characteristics.

[Impact of sexual and reproductive health theme insertion in the undergraduate medical]. / Impacto da inserção da temática saúde sexual e reprodutiva na graduação de Medicina.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of sexual and reproductive health theme insertion in the undergraduate medical curriculum at a Brazilian public university. METHODS: We developed an instrument for cognitive assessment in sexual and reproductive health based on the subjects addressed in the optional curriculum component Reproductive Health, resulting in an objective multiple choice test containing 27 items. The selected topics were: human, sexual and reproductive rights (HSRR), sexuality, institutional violence, gender, sexual violence, conception, contraception, abortion/legal interruption of pregnancy, maternal mortality and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - HIV/AIDS. The subjects were grouped into three dimensions of knowledge: HSRR, legal/institutional and biomedical. Two multivariate models were adjusted in the analysis of covariance. RESULTS: The study included 183 students, 127 of the group who took the elective curriculum course reproductive health (RH Group) and 56 who did not (Non-RH Group). Ninety-six students (52.5%) were males and 87 (47.5%) were females. Mean age was 24.7±1.9 years for the RH Group and 24.4±2.6 for the Non-RH Group. The average performance of the SR Group was higher than that of Non-RH subjects regarding the following subjects: HSRR, sexuality, institutional violence, sexual violence, abortion/legal interruption, and STDs - HIV/AIDS. There was no gender difference in performance, except for the theme maternal mortality, in which males scored worse than females (6.9±0.2 and 7.8±0.2, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The participation of students in the elective curriculum component Reproductive Health was associated with better performance in some dimensions of cognitive assessment, suggesting a positive impact of this initiative on general medical education.

Impacto da inserção da temática saúde sexual e reprodutiva na graduação de Medicina / Impact of sexual and reproductive health theme insertion in the undergraduate medical

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da inserção da temática saúde sexual e reprodutiva na graduação de Medicina em uma universidade pública do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi desenvolvido instrumento de avaliação cognitiva em saúde sexual e reprodutiva com base nos temas abordados no componente curricular optativo Saúde Reprodutiva, resultando em prova objetiva de múltipla escolha contendo 27 itens. Os temas selecionados foram: direitos humanos, sexuais e reprodutivos (DHSR), sexualidade, violência institucional, gênero, violência sexual, concepção, contracepção, aborto/interrupção legal da gestação, mortalidade materna e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DSTs) - HIV/AIDS. Os temas foram agrupados em três dimensões do conhecimento: DHSR, legal/institucional e biomédica. Na análise de covariância, dois modelos multivariados foram ajustados. RESULTADOS : Participaram do estudo 183 alunos, 127 do grupo que cursou o componente curricular eletivo saúde reprodutiva (Grupo SR) e 56 do grupo que não cursou (Grupo Não SR). Noventa e seis alunos (52,5%) eram do sexo masculino e 87 (47,5%) do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 24,7±1,9 anos no Grupo SR e de 24,4±2,6 no Não SR. O desempenho médio do Grupo SR foi superior ao Não SR nos temas DHSR, sexualidade, violência institucional, violência sexual, aborto/interrupção legal e DSTs - HIV/AIDS. Não houve diferença no desempenho dos sexos masculino e feminino, com a exceção do tema mortalidade materna, no qual o grupo masculino foi inferior (6,9±0,2 e 7,8±0,2, respectivamente; p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A participação dos estudantes no componente curricular eletivo Saúde Reprodutiva mostrou-se associada com melhor desempenho em algumas dimensões ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of sexual and reproductive health theme insertion in the undergraduate medical curriculum at a Brazilian public university. METHODS: We developed an instrument for cognitive assessment in sexual and reproductive health based on the subjects addressed in the optional curriculum component Reproductive Health, resulting in an objective multiple choice test containing 27 items. The selected topics were: human, sexual and reproductive rights (HSRR), sexuality, institutional violence, gender, sexual violence, conception, contraception, abortion/legal interruption of pregnancy, maternal mortality and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - HIV/AIDS. The subjects were grouped into three dimensions of knowledge: HSRR, legal/institutional and biomedical. Two multivariate models were adjusted in the analysis of covariance. RESULTS: The study included 183 students, 127 of the group who took the elective curriculum course reproductive health (RH Group) and 56 who did not (Non-RH Group). Ninety-six students (52.5%) were males and 87 (47.5%) were females. Mean age was 24.7±1.9 years for the RH Group and 24.4±2.6 for the Non-RH Group. The average performance of the SR Group was higher than that of Non-RH subjects regarding the following subjects: HSRR, sexuality, institutional violence, sexual violence, abortion/legal interruption, and STDs - HIV/AIDS. There was no gender difference in performance, except for the theme maternal mortality, in which males scored worse than females (6.9±0.2 and 7.8±0.2, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The participation of students in the elective curriculum component Reproductive Health was associated with better performance in some dimensions of cognitive assessment, suggesting a positive impact of this initiative on general medical education. .

[Adequacy of the device intrauterine by ultrasound evaluation: postpartum and post-abortion insertion versus insertion during the menstrual cycle]. / Adequação do dispositivo intrauterino pela avaliação ultrassonográfca: inserção pós-parto e pós-abortamento versus inserção durante o ciclo menstrual.

PURPOSE: To compare by transvaginal ultrasound the position of the intrauterine device (IUD) inside the uterine cavity, depending on the time of insertion, postpartum and post-abortion, and during the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Epidemiologic, observational and cross-sectional study carried out between February and July, 2013. A total of 290 women were included, 205 of them with insertion during the menstrual cycle and 85 during the postpartum and post-abortion periods. The independent variables were: age, parity, time of use, insertion time, number of returns to family planning, satisfaction with the method, wish to continue using the device, symptoms and complications. The dependent variable was the adequate position of the IUD inside the uterine cavity. The χ² test with Pearson's correction and the Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: The average age was 29.4 years and the average time of IUD use was 2.7 years; 39.3% of the women had symptoms associated with the method, the most frequent being menorrhagia (44.7%). The degree of satisfaction was 85% and 61.4% of the women returned two or more times for consultation about family planning. Age, parity and the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity was not associated with a poor position of the IUD inside the uterine cavity (p>0.05). Insertion during the menstrual cycle was significantly more associated with a correct position of the IUD than postpartum and post-abortion insertion (p<0.028). CONCLUSION: Postpartum and post-abortion insertion showed worse results regarding the adequacy of IUD position, a fact that was not observed regarding age, parity or position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.

Controvérsias acerca do dispositivo intrauterino: uma revisão / Controversies about the intrauterine device: a review

O dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) é atualmente o método contraceptivoreversível mais usado no mundo, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento, com maior número de usuáriasna Ásia oriental. Entretanto, ainda há controvérsias envolvendo o seu uso. Por esse motivo, consultamos sitescom bancos de dados eletrônicos como Medline, Lilacs, Wholis e Biblioteca Cochrane, sem restrição linguística,à procura de artigos que abordassem controvérsias sobre o DIU e selecionamos 32, os quais foram incluídos napresente revisão. O mecanismo de ação se deve à reação inflamatória, citotóxica, comprometendo a qualidade,viabilidade e a migração do esperma pela ação do DIU com cobre sobre o muco cervical. A inserção imediatamenteapós uma gestação apresenta várias vantagens, como prevenção de gravidez indesejada, porém não há consensose é tão segura e eficaz quando comparada à inserção fora desse período. O uso profilático de antibióticos nãodiminui o risco de infecções do trato genital, podendo ser indicada para mulheres que vivem em regiões comalta prevalência de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST). Menorragia e dismenorreia são os efeitos colateraismais frequentes referidos pelas usuárias de DIU e as principais causas de sua remoção. O uso de anti-inflamatóriosnão hormonais para tratá-los é motivo de controvérsias na literatura. Sobre o uso de DIU em nulíparas, existemrelativamente poucos estudos na literatura e as conclusões não são seguras. Apesar dos dados sobre adolescentesquanto à segurança, eficácia e aceitação, serem escassos, há pressa no que diz respeito ao uso nesse grupo,tendo em vista a prevenção de gravidez indesejada, tão comum entre elas. As contraindicações são limitadas àgravidez, neoplasias malignas uterinas e efeitos adversos aos componentes do DIU. Apesar de o DIU ser usadohá muitos anos, existe ainda questionamentos de como a fertilidade subsequente é afetada...

The intrauterine device (IUD) is nowadays the most widely used reversiblecontraceptive method in the world, particularly in developing countries, with the highest use in Eastern Asia.Nevertheless, there are still controversies involving its use. For this reason, we searched Medline, Lilacs, Wholisand Cochrane Collaboration databases for articles in any language, addressing controversies about the IUD, selecting 32 for inclusion in this review. The mechanism of action is due to cytotoxic and inflammatory reaction,compromising the quality, viability and sperm migration, by the action of the IUD with cupper on the cervicalmucus. Insertion immediately after a pregnancy ends has several potential advantages, like preventing an unwantedpregnancy. However, there is no consensus if the insertion in this period is as safe and effective as the intervalinsertion. The prophylactic use of antibiotics has not decreased the risk of upper genital tract infection, but itmay be justified for women living in regions with high prevalence for sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Themost frequent side effects reported by users of IUD are menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea, considered the mostcommon reasons for its removal. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used for these associated symptoms arecause for controversy in the literature. Concerning the utilization of IUDs in nuliparous women, there are relativelyfew studies in the medical literature and the conclusions are no definitive. There are little data regarding safety,efficacy, and acceptability of IUDs in teenagers. However, this should be countered with the pressing need toprevent unintended pregnancy in this group of women. Contraindications are restricted to pregnancy, malignantuterine neoplasms and adverse effects of the IUD components in the user...

Adequação do dispositivo intrauterino pela avaliação ultrassonográfca: inserção pós-parto e pós-abortamento versus inserção durante o ciclo menstrual / Adequacy of the device intrauterine by ultrasound evaluation: postpartum and post-abortion insertion versus insertion during the menstrual cycle

OBJETIVO: Comparar, empregando a ultrassonografia transvaginal, a adequação da posição do dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) na cavidade uterina, em função do período: inserção pós-parto e pós-aborto versus inserção durante o ciclo menstrual. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico do tipo individuado, observacional e transversal, realizado entre fevereiro e julho de 2013. Foram incluídas 290 mulheres, sendo 205 com inserção no ciclo menstrual e 85 no pós-abortamento/pós-parto. As variáveis independentes foram: idade, paridade, tempo de uso, época de inserção, número de retornos ao planejamento familiar, satisfação com o método, desejo de continuidade, queixas e complicações. A variável dependente foi a adequação do DIU na cavidade uterina. Para a análise estatística empregou-se o teste do χ², com correção de Pearson, e o teste exato de Fisher, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 29,4 anos e o tempo médio de uso foi de 2,7 anos; 39,3% das mulheres tiveram queixas associados ao método, sendo a menorragia a mais frequente (44,7%). A satisfação foi de 85%, e 61,4% retornaram duas ou mais vezes para consultas. A faixa etária, a paridade e a posição do útero não se associaram com má adequação do DIU na cavidade uterina (p>0,05). A inserção no ciclo menstrual associou-se mais à posição adequada do DIU do que a inserção pós-parto/pós-abortamento, com significância estatística (p=0,028). CONCLUSÃO: A inserção no pós-parto e pós-abortamento apresentaram piores resultados quanto à adequação do DIU, não sendo observado o mesmo com a faixa etária, a paridade e a posição do útero na cavidade pélvica.

PURPOSE: To compare by transvaginal ultrasound the position of the intrauterine device (IUD) inside the uterine cavity, depending on the time of insertion, postpartum and post-abortion, and during the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Epidemiologic, observational and cross-sectional study carried out between February and July, 2013. A total of 290 women were included, 205 of them with insertion during the menstrual cycle and 85 during the postpartum and post-abortion periods. The independent variables were: age, parity, time of use, insertion time, number of returns to family planning, satisfaction with the method, wish to continue using the device, symptoms and complications. The dependent variable was the adequate position of the IUD inside the uterine cavity. The χ² test with Pearson's correction and the Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: The average age was 29.4 years and the average time of IUD use was 2.7 years; 39.3% of the women had symptoms associated with the method, the most frequent being menorrhagia (44.7%). The degree of satisfaction was 85% and 61.4% of the women returned two or more times for consultation about family planning. Age, parity and the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity was not associated with a poor position of the IUD inside the uterine cavity (p>0.05). Insertion during the menstrual cycle was significantly more associated with a correct position of the IUD than postpartum and post-abortion insertion (p<0.028). CONCLUSION: Postpartum and post-abortion insertion showed worse results regarding the adequacy of IUD position, a fact that was not observed regarding age, parity or position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.

[The importance of oral glucose tolerance test in diagnosis of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome]. / A importância do teste de tolerância à glicose oral no diagnóstico da intolerância à glicose e diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of the oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of glucose intolerance (GI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) in women with PCOS. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 247 patients with PCOS selected at random. The diagnosis of GI was obtained from the two-hour oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g of glucose according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) (GI: 120 minutes for plasma glucose >140 mg/dL and <200 mg/dL), and the diagnosis of DM-2 was obtained by both the oral glucose tolerance test (DM: 120 minutes for plasma glucose >200 mg/dL) and fasting glucose using the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (impaired fasting glucose: fasting plasma glucose >100 and <126 mg/dL; DM: fasting glucose >126 mg/dL). A logistic regression model for repeated measures was applied to compare the oral glucose tolerance test with fasting plasma glucose. ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was used for the analysis of the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with and without GI and/or DM-2. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: PCOS patients had a mean age of 24.8±6.3, and body mass index (BMI) of 18.3 to 54.9 kg/m² (32.5±7.6). The percentage of obese patients was 64%, the percentage of overweight patients was 18.6% and 17.4% had healthy weight. The oral glucose tolerance test identified 14 cases of DM-2 (5.7%), while fasting glucose detected only three cases (1.2%), and the frequency of these disorders was higher with increasing age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate the superiority of the oral glucose tolerance test in relation to fasting glucose in diagnosing DM-2 in young women with PCOS and should be performed in these patients.

[Insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship with anthropometric and biochemical variables]. / Resistência à insulina em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos: relação com as variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas.

PURPOSE: To analyze the prevalence of insulin resistance, according to different biochemical and anthropometric measurements in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS: A total of 189 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome were retrospectively analyzed. Insulin resistance diagnosis was performed using fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, insulin sensibility index and glucose/fasting insulin ratio. Body mass index and lipid accumulation product were used. Data were analyzed statistically by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Tukey post-test, and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The polycystic ovary syndrome patients had a mean age of 24.9 ± 5.2 and a mean body mass index of 31.8 ± 7.6. The percentage of obese patients was 57.14%. Among the methods of insulin resistance investigation, the insulin sensibility index was the technique that most detected (56.4%) the presence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The insulin resistance was detected in 87% of obese patients. The fasting glucose/fasting insulin ratio and insulin sensibility index were strongly correlated with lipid accumulation product. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of insulin resistance varied according to the method used, and it was greater the higher the body mass index. Lipid accumulation product was also related to insulin resistance.

A importância do teste de tolerância à glicose oral no diagnóstico da intolerância à glicose e diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos / The importance of oral glucose tolerance test in diagnosis of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a importância do teste de tolerância à glicose oral (TTGO) no diagnóstico da intolerância à glicose (IG) e diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DM-2) em mulheres com SOP. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo em que foram incluídas 247 pacientes portadoras de SOP, selecionadas de forma aleatória. O diagnóstico de IG foi obtido por meio do TTGO de duas horas com 75 gramas de glicose de acordo com os critérios do World Health Organization (WHO) (IG: glicemia plasmática aos 120 minutos >140 mg/dL e <200 mg/dL); e o de DM-2 tanto pelo TTGO (DM: glicemia plasmática aos 120 minutos >200 mg/dL) quanto pela glicemia de jejum segundo os critérios da American Diabetes Association (glicemia de jejum alterada: glicemia plasmática >100 e <126 mg/dL; DM: glicemia de jejum >126 mg/dL). Para comparar o TTGO com a glicemia de jejum foi aplicado o modelo de regressão logística para medidas repetidas. Para a análise das características clínicas e bioquímicas das pacientes com e sem IG e/ou DM-2 foi utilizada a ANOVA seguida do teste de Tukey. O valor p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. RESULTADOS: As pacientes com SOP apresentaram média etária de 24,8±6,3 e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) entre 18,3 e 54,9 kg/m² (32,5±7,6). O percentual de pacientes obesas foi de 64%, de sobrepeso 18,6%, e peso saudável 17,4%. O TTGO identificou 14 casos de DM-2 (5,7%), enquanto a glicemia de jejum detectou somente três casos (1,2%), sendo que a frequência destes distúrbios foi maior com o aumento da idade e IMC. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram a superioridade do TTGO em relação à glicemia de jejum em diagnosticar DM-2 em mulheres jovens com SOP e deve ser realizado neste grupo de pacientes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of the oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of glucose intolerance (GI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) in women with PCOS. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 247 patients with PCOS selected at random. The diagnosis of GI was obtained from the two-hour oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g of glucose according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) (GI: 120 minutes for plasma glucose >140 mg/dL and <200 mg/dL), and the diagnosis of DM-2 was obtained by both the oral glucose tolerance test (DM: 120 minutes for plasma glucose >200 mg/dL) and fasting glucose using the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (impaired fasting glucose: fasting plasma glucose >100 and <126 mg/dL; DM: fasting glucose >126 mg/dL). A logistic regression model for repeated measures was applied to compare the oral glucose tolerance test with fasting plasma glucose. ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was used for the analysis of the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with and without GI and/or DM-2. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: PCOS patients had a mean age of 24.8±6.3, and body mass index (BMI) of 18.3 to 54.9 kg/m² (32.5±7.6). The percentage of obese patients was 64%, the percentage of overweight patients was 18.6% and 17.4% had healthy weight. The oral glucose tolerance test identified 14 cases of DM-2 (5.7%), while fasting glucose detected only three cases (1.2%), and the frequency of these disorders was higher with increasing age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate the superiority of the oral glucose tolerance test in relation to fasting glucose in diagnosing DM-2 in young women with PCOS and should be performed in these patients.

Resistência à insulina em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos: relação com as variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas / Insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship with anthropometric and biochemical variables

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de resistência à insulina de acordo com diferentes medidas antropométricas e bioquímicas em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, 189 pacientes com síndrome dos ovários policísticos. O diagnóstico de resistência à insulina foi obtido utilizando-se insulinemia, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, índice de sensibilidade à insulina e relação glicemia/insulina. Foram utilizados o índice de massa corpórea e o lipid accumulation product. Para análise dos resultados, aplicou-se a estatística descritiva, a ANOVA, o pós-teste de Tukey e a correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: As pacientes apresentaram média de idade de 24,9±5,2 e de índice de massa corpórea de 31,8±7,6. O percentual de pacientes obesas foi de 57,14 por cento. Dentre os métodos de investigação de resistência à insulina, o índice de sensibilidade à insulina foi a técnica que mais detectou (56,4 por cento) a presença de resistência à insulina nas mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos. Em 87 por cento das pacientes obesas, detectou-se a resistência à insulina. A relação glicemia/insulinemia de jejum e o índice de sensibilidade à insulina apresentaram correlação forte com o lipid accumulation product. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de resistência à insulina variou de acordo com o método utilizado e foi maior quanto maior o índice de massa corpórea. O lipid accumulation product também está relacionado à resistência à insulina.

PURPOSE: To analyze the prevalence of insulin resistance, according to different biochemical and anthropometric measurements in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS: A total of 189 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome were retrospectively analyzed. Insulin resistance diagnosis was performed using fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, insulin sensibility index and glucose/fasting insulin ratio. Body mass index and lipid accumulation product were used. Data were analyzed statistically by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Tukey post-test, and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The polycystic ovary syndrome patients had a mean age of 24.9±5.2 and a mean body mass index of 31.8±7.6. The percentage of obese patients was 57.14 percent. Among the methods of insulin resistance investigation, the insulin sensibility index was the technique that most detected (56.4 percent) the presence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The insulin resistance was detected in 87 percent of obese patients. The fasting glucose/fasting insulin ratio and insulin sensibility index were strongly correlated with lipid accumulation product. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of insulin resistance varied according to the method used, and it was greater the higher the body mass index. Lipid accumulation product was also related to insulin resistance.